DEFINITION OF ECONOMICS
- Economics is a field of social science that studies the behaviour of individuals.
- Economics concern with the use of limited resources to satisfy the unlimited wants involving choice.
- Limited resources : Land, Labour, Capital, Entrepreneur.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICROECONOMICS & MACROECONOMICS
- MICROECONOMICS
-Is the study of small economics study (individual)
-Concern with :
*Demand & supply
*Individual consumer behaviour
*Individual labour markets
*Externalities arising
- MACROECONOMICS
-A research about the whole company issue in the country.
-Concern with :
*Monetary/fiscal policy
*Reasons for inflation & unemployment
*Economics growth
*International trde and globalization
*Reasons for differences in living standard and economics
Growth between countries
*Government borrowing
POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE ECONOMICS STATEMENT
- Positive economy statement
-Based on facts & not value judgement.
-Can be tested and verified.
Example : The price of this shoes is RM50
- Normative economy statement
-Bases on value judgement and personal opinion.
-Cannot be tested.
Example : Pollution is the most serious economic problem.
BASIC ECONOMICS CONCEPTS
- SCARCITY
-Not enough resources to produce everything.
-Factors of production limited
-Amunt of output is limited
- CHOICE
-Involves a rational desicion to be made
-A choice has to be made among several wants which involves
Some trade off (opportunity cost)
- OPPORTUNITY COST
-The value of the best alternative foregone when a choice is made.
BASIC ECONOMICS PROBLEMS
- The best choice has to be made to achieve max satisfaction
- 4 basic eco basic question need to be answered first
#WHAT TO PRODUCE
-Concern with that goods & services will be produce
-Happens because of limited factors of production but not
demands.
#HOW MUCH TO PRODUCE
-The quantity of product to produce must be decided
-Based on total demand
#HOW TO PRODUCE
-Decide either use the labour intensive / capital intensive
#FOR WHOM TO PRODUCE
-This is the target market
-People with high income are able to consume more goods &
services than people with low incomes.
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
- LAND
-Free gift of natures
-The value based on quality & location
-Examples : Land, air, water, forest
- LABOUR
-Contributed by people in the production process
-Involved mental & physical effort
-Includes skill & unskills
-Examples : Teacher, Doctor, Construction workers
- CAPITAL
-Human made resources that are used in production process
-Interest as return
-Example : Machinery, raw materials, buildings
- ENTREPRENEURSHIP
-The person who has the ability to to combine resources into
the production.
-Profit as reward
-Must be risk & organize the other factor of production.
PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY CURVE
- PPC is a tool used to explain the basic economics concepts of scarcity, choice &oppurtunity choice.
- PPC = Curve shows combinations of two goods that a country can produce in a specific time.
- Assumptions :
#Economy producing two goods only
#Resources are fixed
#State of technology is constant
#The economy is operating at full employment
@ATTAINABLE & UNATTAINABLE COMBINATION
*Attainable & efficient combination
-Point a,b,c,d,e are fully utilized & and attainable
-Full employment level
-The firm is also to be efficient
*Attainable but not efficient combination
-Combination f can be produce & attainable but the resources is
not fully utilized & the economy is not efficient
*Not attainable combination
-Combination g is not attainable because not enough
resources and proper technology
@CHANGE IN PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES CURVE
*Combination of PPC can increase / decrease due to several factors.
*Increase / decrease in PPC can occur for 1 side product only, or both.
PPC curve to shift to right. Means that production
both of goodswill increase. Industrialist will increase
the amount of goods when the population increase.
B)Technology progress

PPC will shifted outward towards the horizontal axis. Eco
will produce more goods x compare to goods y.
@HOW TO DETERMINE THE OPPORTUNITY COST
(based on table)
CONSUMPTON GOODS
|
CAPITAL GOODS
|
10
|
0
|
9
|
1
|
7
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
0
|
4
|
1.According to the information, the opportunity cost of producing 7
units of consumption goods is :
A.3 units of capital goods
B.4 units of capital goods
C.2 units of capital goods
D.7 units of capital goods
2.Any point on the PPC illustrates :
A.Min production combinations
B.Max production combinations
C.Eco growth
D.A non-feasible production combination
ECONOMY SYSTEM
A. Free market economy / capitalist / laissez faire
Definition – Economy system that operate without government intervention
Features :
-Decisions are taken by individual and firm (no government intervention)
-Usually associated with a pure capitalist, privately owned land & Capital
-price mechanism :- Advantages :
- Individual are free to make heir own economic choice
- Freedom to workers and firm to chose where to work an d what production method to use
- Disadvantages :
- Existence of wide gap between the rich and the poor
- Existence of unemployment problem
B. Centrally planned or command economy
Definitions -economy that is fully controlled by government
- Features :
-Decision are taken by the government or central authorities
-Usually associated with a socialist or communist economy system
(land & capital) are collectively owned
-The government plan the allocation of resources
- Advantages :
-Decisions of allocation of resources always are in the interests of
society as a whole and with specific national goods
-Unemployment could be largely avoided if the government carefully
planned the allocation of labor
-Same income distribution
-Produces the goods and services at efficiency level
- Disadvantages :
-Mistake decide in economy (decision made by some people only)
-Technology and innovation are undeveloped because all productions
are decided by government
C. Mixed economy
Definitions –an economy system that incoorporates a mixture of
private and government ownership (capitalism and socialist)
- Features :
-Use market mechanism and allow government intervention in economy
activities
-Price level determine by price’s mechanism but basic economy’s problem
resolved together
-Individual and firm free to have properties
- Advantages :
-Government will try to reduce gap of income between rich and poor
(taxes & subsidies)
-Government also control the existence of monopolies
- Disadvantages :
-Business freedom is not totally offered for enterprise
D. Islamic economy
Definitions –Economy which uses Allah’s creation natural resources with
most efficient and fair based on Islamic laws
- Features :
-Main source in Islamic economic’s activities (al-Quran & Hadith)
-Individual free to own property
-No give priority to profit in business
-Fair competition permitted
-Free to decide in economics
- Advantages :
-Good in the world and after world
-Free competition
